BMi

 

85% - 95%
Overweight	>95%

BMI chart for children and teens, age 2-20

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age percentiles growth charts.

Chart for boys
Chart for girls

Risks associated with being overweight

Being overweight increases the risk of a number of serious diseases and health conditions. Below is a list of said risks, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

• High blood pressure
• Higher levels of LDL cholesterol, which is widely considered "bad cholesterol," lower levels of HDL cholesterol, considered to be good cholesterol in moderation, and high levels of triglycerides
• Type II diabetes
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Gallbladder disease
• Osteoarthritis, a type of joint disease caused by breakdown of joint cartilage
• Sleep apnea and breathing problems
• Certain cancers (endometrial, breast, colon, kidney, gallbladder, liver)
• Low quality of life
• Mental illnesses such as clinical depression, anxiety, and others
• Body pains and difficulty with certain physical functions
• Generally, an increased risk of mortality compared to those with a healthy BMI

As can be seen from the list above, there are numerous negative, in some cases fatal, outcomes that may result from being overweight. Generally, a person should try to maintain a BMI below 25 kg/m², but ideally should consult their doctor to determine whether or not they need to make any changes to their lifestyle in order to be healthier.

Risks associated with being underweight

Being underweight has its own associated risks, listed below:

• Malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, anemia (lowered ability to carry blood vessels)
• Osteoporosis, a disease that causes bone weakness, increasing the risk of breaking a bone
• A decrease in immune function
• Growth and development issues, particularly in children and teenagers
• Possible reproductive issues for women due to hormonal imbalances that can disrupt the menstrual cycle. Underweight women also have a higher chance of miscarriage in the first trimester
• Potential complications as a result of surgery
• Generally, an increased risk of mortality compared to those with a healthy BMI

In some cases, being underweight can be a sign of some underlying condition or disease such as anorexia nervosa, which has its own risks. Consult your doctor if you think you or someone you know is underweight, particularly if the reason for being underweight does not seem obvious.

Limitations of BMI

Although BMI is a widely used and useful indicator of healthy body weight, it does have its limitations. BMI is only an estimate that cannot take body composition into account. Due to a wide variety of body types as well as distribution of muscle, bone mass, and fat, BMI should be considered along with other measurements rather than being used as the sole method for determining a person's healthy body weight.

In adults:

BMI cannot be fully accurate because it is a measure of excess body weight, rather than excess body fat. BMI is further influenced by factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, muscle mass, and body fat, and activity level, among others. For example, an older person who is considered a healthy weight, but is completely inactive in their daily life may have significant amounts of excess body fat even though they are not heavy. This would be considered unhealthy, while a younger person with higher muscle composition of the same BMI would be considered healthy. In athletes, particularly bodybuilders who would be considered overweight due to muscle being heavier than fat, it is entirely possible that they are actually at a healthy weight for their body composition. Generally, according to the CDC:

• Older adults tend to have more body fat than younger adults with the same BMI.
• Women tend to have more body fat than men for an equivalent BMI.
• Muscular individuals and highly trained athletes may have higher BMIs due to large muscle mass.

In children and adolescents:

The same factors that limit the efficacy of BMI for adults can also apply to children and adolescents. Additionally, height and level of sexual maturation can influence BMI and body fat among children. BMI is a better indicator of excess body fat for obese children than it is for overweight children, whose BMI could be a result of increased levels of either fat or fat-free mass (all body components except for fat, which includes water, organs, muscle, etc.). In thin children, the difference in BMI can also be due to fat-free mass.

That being said, BMI is fairly indicative of body fat for 90-95% of the population, and can effectively be used along with other measures to help determine an individual's healthy body weight.

BMI formula

Below are the equations used for calculating BMI in the International System of Units (SI) and the US customary system (USC) using a 5'10", 160-pound individual as an example:

USC Units: BMI = 703 ×  mass (lbs) height2 (in) = 703 ×  160 702 = 22.96  kg m2 SI, Metric Units: BMI =  mass (kg) height2 (m)  =  72.57 1.782  =  22.90 kg m2

Ponderal Index

The Ponderal Index (PI) is similar to BMI in that it measures the leanness or corpulence of a person based on their height and weight. The main difference between the PI and BMI is the cubing rather than squaring of the height in the formula (provided below). While BMI can be a useful tool when considering large populations, it is not reliable for determining leanness or corpulence in individuals. Although the PI suffers from similar considerations, the PI is more reliable for use with very tall or short individuals, while BMI tends to record uncharacteristically high or low body fat levels for those on the extreme ends of the height and weight spectrum. Below is the equation for computing the PI of an individual using USC, again using a 5'10", 160-pound individual as an example:

USC Units: PI =  height (in) ∛mass (lbs)  =  70 ∛160  = 12.89 in ∛lbs SI, Metric Units: PI =  mass (kg) height3 (m)

Information of nuclear medicine ,its diagnostic,and treatment

 

By Iftekhar chowdhury .

Nuclear medicine is a medical specially that involved the uses of small amounts of radioactive material to help diagnostic and treat a variety of diseases.

The radio isotopes used in nuclear medicine emit gamma rays that can be detected externally by special type of camera ;gamma or pet camera

Radio-pharmaceuticals are substances that are attracted by specific organs,bones ,tissues.

Radioactivity;is the property of a materials in  which continuously emits energy ,eg,tc-99m ,1-131 and these materials are called isotopes,

Nulear medicine is very important now a days for the following application,

Diagnostic purposes, Thyroid scan, Renogram & rental scan,Bone scan,Myocardial perfusion,imaging, Liver scan,,Brain scan, Hida scan,BMD,

 

Its Therpeutic, treatment of hyperthyroidism with Rai-131 & life long fellow up, treatment of thyroid cancer ,life long fellow up, treatment of hypothyroidism, treatment of bone pain

 It is very for thyroid scanning  view nodule function,normal ,nodule size,shape, position, its enlarged thyroid gland, gland function, its preence of nodular component

Hypothyroidism  clinical features,a) weight loss,weight gain,constipation,rough skin,

Very impotents for the hormone estimation in nuclear medicine center,

TSH TEST , Renogram,renal trauma,renal failure, bone  scintigraphy,

 

The radio isotopes used in nuclear medicine emit gamma rays that can be detected externally by special type of camera ;gamma or pet camera

Radio-pharmaceuticals are substances that are attracted by specific organs,bones ,tissues.

Radioactivity;is the property of a materials in  which continuously emits energy ,eg,tc-99m ,1-131 and these materials are called isotopes,

Nulear medicine is very important now a days for the following application

a)      Treatment of hyperthyroidism, with Rai-131,& its long fellow up .

b)      Treatment of thyroid cancer and life long fellow up.

c)      Treatment of bone pain metastases sr -89,sm -153,p-32.

d)     Intra cavity therapy (y-90,au -190)

e)      Indication for thyroid scanning,

f)       A,)palpable thyroid nodule,

g)      Nodule function-normal,hyperfunctiong,

h)      Nodule number –solitary,or multiple,

i)        Nodule size,shape,and position,of tumor.

j)        Enlarged thyrid gland,b,gland function-size,shape,postion,

k)      Presence of nodular component,,presence of residual tissue,

l)        Normal thyroid scan,

m)    Diffusely enlarged thyroid,cold nodular goiter,left lobe,

n)      Hotnodule,right lobe,multi nodular goitre, treatment of thyroid disease .

o)      Hyperthyroidism.

p)      Clinical features,

Tremor,

Sweating,loss of weight,increase appetite,diarrhea,

Insomina,

Diagnosed by hormone estimation,

T-3,T -4,TSH,

 

Thyerapy dose ,75-100mcl.

Renography & renogram

Renography &is the method of monitoring the arrival up take and elimination of the radiopharmacutical by the kidneys,s to give an assessment of individual rental function .renental function is evaluated by a graphical presentation of tme and activity curve known as a renogram .

And doing Bone scintigraphy ,

Assessment of risk of fracture , dose 15-20 mcl.

Normal static bone scan,osteoarthritic changes  ,bone metastasis,0normal brain scan,brain tumor.normal HIDA .scan. read and comments .

Iftekhar uddin chowdhury .former  scientist  Bangladesh atomic energy commission,

Social worker ,past president apex club interenation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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How do i treat extremely high blood pressure ?

 

How do I treat extremely high blood pressure?

With hypertensive urgency, there may be few signs (which is why it's important to regularly check your blood pressure). If your blood pressure reading is high, but you're experiencing no other symptoms, follow these steps:

1. Wait: Wait five minutes.
2. Monitor: Take your blood pressure reading again.
3. Check for symptoms: Ask yourself if you're showing any symptoms of hypertensive emergency, including chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, back pain, or difficulty speaking.
4. Schedule a doctor appointment: If you still show no symptoms, and you have no other risk factors, like congestive heart failure or chronic kidney disease, this is hypertensive urgency. You should speak to your healthcare provider about whether you need any changes in medications at a follow-up appointment, but hospitalization is rarely necessary.

During a hypertensive urgency, there is no evidence of possible organ damage, such as pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) or cardiac ischemia (which reduces the heart's ability to pump blood). Therefore, hospitalization is not necessary, and, according to some doctors, not recommended. Trying to rapidly lower blood pressure can be dangerous, and admitting someone to the ICU can cause unwanted medical bills.

WHAT TO DO FOR HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY

With hypertensive emergency, you will likely show the following signs: severe chest pain, severe headache, blurred vision, nausea, severe anxiety, shortness of breath, and seizures.

If your blood pressure jumps severely, and you show these warning signs, you should seek medical attention immediately and call the 911 emergency department.

The Only Emergency Treatment for High Blood Pressure at Home: Call 9-1-1

If you have chronically high blood pressure, you're probably aware of the scenarios listed above. We didn't review them to frighten you — we simply believe it's best to start with the risks and warning signs, then work backward to lay out a plan.

If you're over the age of 60 and have struggled with high blood pressure in the past, it's important to know how to treat high blood pressure at home. This is important not only for your personal well being, but for the peace of mind of those who love and care about you.

Be sure to have Snug installed on your phone, so you can check-in daily. If you miss a check-in, we’ll send a notification to your loved ones telling them to check on you.

Reminder: In a hypertensive emergency, there is no at-home treatment. Call 911, and go to the hospital. In the case of a hypertensive urgency, the best at-home treatment is long-term blood pressure control, which we'll review in the next section.

The one organ responsible for ALL cases of high blood pressure - read here

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Does drinking water lower blood pressure ?

 Water Water Everywhere

Today I see more people drinking water than ever before. Water has become so available to us including vending machines. Whether I travel by plane, bus, or train, I have many people with their water bottles. There are many choices of water to be had. Glacier water, filtered water, plain and flavored water. I am not so sure that the chemicals in the flavored water are good for you. My personal favorite is mineral water. But why is drinking water so important?

Water And The Human Body

The human body is comprised of about 60 percent water. Water is so important to our survival that is can only go without water for so long. Whereas we can go without food for long periods of time, we will only survive three days without water.

Think of water as being an essential nutrient. We get water from the foods we eat to the water we drink. When I speak of foods I am referring to fruits and vegetables, not pizza.

Water is responsible for digestion, absorption, circulation, and the creation of saliva. Water is responsible for transporting nutrients to our bodies cells. It also is responsible for regulating the body’s temperature. When I was in nursing school we also learned that water is the great fat emulsifier. If you want to lose weight, stick to water, not soda.

Six Reasons To Drink Water:

• Drinking Water Helps Maintain The Body’s Balance Of Fluids.
• It Helps Control Calories.
• Water Helps Energize Muscles.
• Drinking Water Helps Your Skin Look Young.
• Flushes Out Your Kidneys.
• Helps Maintain Bowel Function.
• Creates Balance Important For A Healthy Blood Pressure.

How Does Drinking Water Lower Blood Pressure?

Staying hydrated is one of the simplest ways you can maintain healthy blood pressure. If you are not hydrated your body will begin to retain sodium in order to save water. By this bodies mechanism increase, sodium means increased blood pressure. Your arteries and capillaries will narrow and your blood pressure will go up. This is the bodies survival mechanism. To ensure this mechanism does not kick in stay well hydrated.

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What Is The Best Water To Drink For Lower Blood Pressure?

This is actually a really good question. Are all waters the same? The answer is yes and no. There are basically 5 types of drinking water they are:

Drinking Water —

Drinking water is just that: water that is intended for drinking. It is safe for human consumption and comes from a municipal source. There are no added ingredients besides what is considered usual and safe for any tap water, such as fluoride.

Distilled Water —

Distilled water is a type of purified water. It’s water that has gone through a rigorous filtration process to strip it not only of contaminants but any natural minerals as well. This water is best for use in small appliances — like hot water urns, or steam irons because if you use it, you won’t have that mineral buildup that you often get when you drink tap water. Though it may seem counterintuitive, this water is not necessarily the best for human consumption, since all of the water’s natural, and often beneficial, minerals are absent.

Purified Water —

Purified water is water that comes from any source but has been purified to remove any chemicals or contaminants. Types of purification include distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, and carbon filtration. Like distilled water, it has its advantages and disadvantages, the advantages being that potentially harmful chemicals may be taken out and the disadvantage being that beneficial minerals may be taken out as well.

Spring Water —

This is what you often find in bottled water. It’s from an underground source and may or may not have been treated and purified. Though spring water sounds more appealing (like many others, I imagine my spring water coming from a rushing spring at the base of a tall, snow-capped mountain), it’s not necessarily the best water for drinking if you have other options. Studies done by the NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) have found contaminants in bottled water such as coliform, arsenic, and phthalates. A lot of bottled water is labeled as spring water, but the source of that water is often a mystery, as this Environmental Working Group report makes clear. This topic has been a popular one in recent years, sparking plenty of controversies.

Mineral Water —

Mineral water is my favorite water and there are good reasons for that. According to some of the latest research mineral water containing magnesium and calcium have been proven to lower your blood pressure.

The Health Benefits Of Mineral Water

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For thousands of years, mankind has been drinking mineral water from natural springs and wells and bathing in them too to support health and aid healing.

Though the ancients may not have known exactly why ‘taking the waters’ conferred therapeutic benefits, they were onto something, absorbing minerals by drinking and soaking them in, at wells and baths. On the therapeutic ingredient list? —

Sulfate, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and a number of trace minerals, some of which we don’t always get enough of from food but can absorb more easily through (naturally) mineral-infused water.
Mineral water comes from natural underground reservoirs and mineral springs, giving it a higher mineral content than tap water.

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), mineral water must contain at least 250 parts per million of total dissolved solids. The FDA prohibits these manufacturers from adding minerals to their products.

Minerals That Are Often Present In Mineral Water Include:

• calcium
• magnesium
• potassium
• sodium
• bicarbonate
• iron
• zinc

Unlike tap water, mineral water is bottled at the source. Some people prefer mineral water due to its perceived purity and the lack of chemical disinfection treatments.

Having low levels of magnesium may contribute to high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and conditions that cause irregular heartbeats.

Mineral water rich in magnesium may, therefore, help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.
A small-scale 2004 study involving 70 adults with borderline hypertension and low magnesium levels found that drinking 1 liter of mineral water per day decreased their blood pressure.

Which Mineral Water Should I Buy?

First off I am not here to promote one company over another. I have my favorites of course. First, if you have high blood pressure you do not want to purchase mineral water that is high in sodium. Having a high content of sodium is going to cause your blood pressure to soar! Not go down. The first thing I do is check the sodium content.

Next, I look for mineral water with a good amount of magnesium and calcium. Two components of healthy blood pressure. If you have kidney disease I would avoid mineral water unless approved by your physician. Water is important first and foremost. If you cannot afford to buy mineral water then at least drink plenty of water. If you are afraid of drinking tap water you may consider a water filtration system like Britta.

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