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BMi

 

85% - 95%
Overweight	>95%

BMI chart for children and teens, age 2-20

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age percentiles growth charts.

Chart for boys
Chart for girls

Risks associated with being overweight

Being overweight increases the risk of a number of serious diseases and health conditions. Below is a list of said risks, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

• High blood pressure
• Higher levels of LDL cholesterol, which is widely considered "bad cholesterol," lower levels of HDL cholesterol, considered to be good cholesterol in moderation, and high levels of triglycerides
• Type II diabetes
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Gallbladder disease
• Osteoarthritis, a type of joint disease caused by breakdown of joint cartilage
• Sleep apnea and breathing problems
• Certain cancers (endometrial, breast, colon, kidney, gallbladder, liver)
• Low quality of life
• Mental illnesses such as clinical depression, anxiety, and others
• Body pains and difficulty with certain physical functions
• Generally, an increased risk of mortality compared to those with a healthy BMI

As can be seen from the list above, there are numerous negative, in some cases fatal, outcomes that may result from being overweight. Generally, a person should try to maintain a BMI below 25 kg/m², but ideally should consult their doctor to determine whether or not they need to make any changes to their lifestyle in order to be healthier.

Risks associated with being underweight

Being underweight has its own associated risks, listed below:

• Malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, anemia (lowered ability to carry blood vessels)
• Osteoporosis, a disease that causes bone weakness, increasing the risk of breaking a bone
• A decrease in immune function
• Growth and development issues, particularly in children and teenagers
• Possible reproductive issues for women due to hormonal imbalances that can disrupt the menstrual cycle. Underweight women also have a higher chance of miscarriage in the first trimester
• Potential complications as a result of surgery
• Generally, an increased risk of mortality compared to those with a healthy BMI

In some cases, being underweight can be a sign of some underlying condition or disease such as anorexia nervosa, which has its own risks. Consult your doctor if you think you or someone you know is underweight, particularly if the reason for being underweight does not seem obvious.

Limitations of BMI

Although BMI is a widely used and useful indicator of healthy body weight, it does have its limitations. BMI is only an estimate that cannot take body composition into account. Due to a wide variety of body types as well as distribution of muscle, bone mass, and fat, BMI should be considered along with other measurements rather than being used as the sole method for determining a person's healthy body weight.

In adults:

BMI cannot be fully accurate because it is a measure of excess body weight, rather than excess body fat. BMI is further influenced by factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, muscle mass, and body fat, and activity level, among others. For example, an older person who is considered a healthy weight, but is completely inactive in their daily life may have significant amounts of excess body fat even though they are not heavy. This would be considered unhealthy, while a younger person with higher muscle composition of the same BMI would be considered healthy. In athletes, particularly bodybuilders who would be considered overweight due to muscle being heavier than fat, it is entirely possible that they are actually at a healthy weight for their body composition. Generally, according to the CDC:

• Older adults tend to have more body fat than younger adults with the same BMI.
• Women tend to have more body fat than men for an equivalent BMI.
• Muscular individuals and highly trained athletes may have higher BMIs due to large muscle mass.

In children and adolescents:

The same factors that limit the efficacy of BMI for adults can also apply to children and adolescents. Additionally, height and level of sexual maturation can influence BMI and body fat among children. BMI is a better indicator of excess body fat for obese children than it is for overweight children, whose BMI could be a result of increased levels of either fat or fat-free mass (all body components except for fat, which includes water, organs, muscle, etc.). In thin children, the difference in BMI can also be due to fat-free mass.

That being said, BMI is fairly indicative of body fat for 90-95% of the population, and can effectively be used along with other measures to help determine an individual's healthy body weight.

BMI formula

Below are the equations used for calculating BMI in the International System of Units (SI) and the US customary system (USC) using a 5'10", 160-pound individual as an example:

USC Units: BMI = 703 ×  mass (lbs) height2 (in) = 703 ×  160 702 = 22.96  kg m2 SI, Metric Units: BMI =  mass (kg) height2 (m)  =  72.57 1.782  =  22.90 kg m2

Ponderal Index

The Ponderal Index (PI) is similar to BMI in that it measures the leanness or corpulence of a person based on their height and weight. The main difference between the PI and BMI is the cubing rather than squaring of the height in the formula (provided below). While BMI can be a useful tool when considering large populations, it is not reliable for determining leanness or corpulence in individuals. Although the PI suffers from similar considerations, the PI is more reliable for use with very tall or short individuals, while BMI tends to record uncharacteristically high or low body fat levels for those on the extreme ends of the height and weight spectrum. Below is the equation for computing the PI of an individual using USC, again using a 5'10", 160-pound individual as an example:

USC Units: PI =  height (in) ∛mass (lbs)  =  70 ∛160  = 12.89 in ∛lbs SI, Metric Units: PI =  mass (kg) height3 (m)

Information of nuclear medicine ,its diagnostic,and treatment

 

By Iftekhar chowdhury .

Nuclear medicine is a medical specially that involved the uses of small amounts of radioactive material to help diagnostic and treat a variety of diseases.

The radio isotopes used in nuclear medicine emit gamma rays that can be detected externally by special type of camera ;gamma or pet camera

Radio-pharmaceuticals are substances that are attracted by specific organs,bones ,tissues.

Radioactivity;is the property of a materials in  which continuously emits energy ,eg,tc-99m ,1-131 and these materials are called isotopes,

Nulear medicine is very important now a days for the following application,

Diagnostic purposes, Thyroid scan, Renogram & rental scan,Bone scan,Myocardial perfusion,imaging, Liver scan,,Brain scan, Hida scan,BMD,

 

Its Therpeutic, treatment of hyperthyroidism with Rai-131 & life long fellow up, treatment of thyroid cancer ,life long fellow up, treatment of hypothyroidism, treatment of bone pain

 It is very for thyroid scanning  view nodule function,normal ,nodule size,shape, position, its enlarged thyroid gland, gland function, its preence of nodular component

Hypothyroidism  clinical features,a) weight loss,weight gain,constipation,rough skin,

Very impotents for the hormone estimation in nuclear medicine center,

TSH TEST , Renogram,renal trauma,renal failure, bone  scintigraphy,

 

The radio isotopes used in nuclear medicine emit gamma rays that can be detected externally by special type of camera ;gamma or pet camera

Radio-pharmaceuticals are substances that are attracted by specific organs,bones ,tissues.

Radioactivity;is the property of a materials in  which continuously emits energy ,eg,tc-99m ,1-131 and these materials are called isotopes,

Nulear medicine is very important now a days for the following application

a)      Treatment of hyperthyroidism, with Rai-131,& its long fellow up .

b)      Treatment of thyroid cancer and life long fellow up.

c)      Treatment of bone pain metastases sr -89,sm -153,p-32.

d)     Intra cavity therapy (y-90,au -190)

e)      Indication for thyroid scanning,

f)       A,)palpable thyroid nodule,

g)      Nodule function-normal,hyperfunctiong,

h)      Nodule number –solitary,or multiple,

i)        Nodule size,shape,and position,of tumor.

j)        Enlarged thyrid gland,b,gland function-size,shape,postion,

k)      Presence of nodular component,,presence of residual tissue,

l)        Normal thyroid scan,

m)    Diffusely enlarged thyroid,cold nodular goiter,left lobe,

n)      Hotnodule,right lobe,multi nodular goitre, treatment of thyroid disease .

o)      Hyperthyroidism.

p)      Clinical features,

Tremor,

Sweating,loss of weight,increase appetite,diarrhea,

Insomina,

Diagnosed by hormone estimation,

T-3,T -4,TSH,

 

Thyerapy dose ,75-100mcl.

Renography & renogram

Renography &is the method of monitoring the arrival up take and elimination of the radiopharmacutical by the kidneys,s to give an assessment of individual rental function .renental function is evaluated by a graphical presentation of tme and activity curve known as a renogram .

And doing Bone scintigraphy ,

Assessment of risk of fracture , dose 15-20 mcl.

Normal static bone scan,osteoarthritic changes  ,bone metastasis,0normal brain scan,brain tumor.normal HIDA .scan. read and comments .

Iftekhar uddin chowdhury .former  scientist  Bangladesh atomic energy commission,

Social worker ,past president apex club interenation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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